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Participants in South Africa’s first clinical trial for a vaccine against COVID-19 are to be vaccinated this week.
Heterologous COVID-19 vaccine schedule with protein-based prime (NVX-CoV2373) and mRNA boost (BNT162b2) induces strong humoral responses: results from COV-BOOST trial.
BACKGROUND: Heterologous schedules of booster vaccines for COVID-19 following initial doses of mRNA or adenoviral vector vaccines have been shown to be safe and immunogenic. There are few data on booster doses following initial doses of protein nanoparticle vaccines. METHODS: Participants of the phas…
Plasmodium falciparum Subtilisin-like Domain-Containing Protein (PfSDP), a Cross-Stage Antigen, Elicits Short-Lived Antibody Response Following Natural Infection with Plasmodium falciparum
With the increasing detection of artemisinin resistance to front-line antimalarials in Africa and notwithstanding the planned roll-out of RTS’S and R21 in Africa, the search for new vaccines with high efficacy remains an imperative. Towards this endeavour, we performed in silico screening to identify Plasmodium falc…
Bivalent prefusion F vaccination in pregnancy and respiratory syncytial virus hospitalisation in infants in the UK: results of a multicentre, test-negative, case-control study.
BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) in infants younger than 6 months globally. A maternal bivalent RSV prefusion F (RSVpreF) vaccine was introduced to the UK in late summer in 2024 (August 12 in Scotland and September 1 in England),…
Salmonella Typhi gut invasion drives hypoxic immune subsets associated with disease outcomes
Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi), the causative agent of typhoid disease, remains a major public health concern. Owing to the human-restricted nature of S. Typhi, studies of typhoid pathogenesis in animal models are limited to a murine non-typhoidal pathogen. More recently, human challenge models have been cond…
Nipah virus vaccines evaluated in pigs as a 'One Health' approach to protect public health.
Nipah virus (NiV) causes a severe neurological disease in humans. The first NiV outbreak, in Malaysia, involved pig-to-human transmission, that resulted in significant economic losses to the local pig industry. Despite the risk NiV poses to pig-dense regions, no licensed vaccines exist. This study therefore assesse…
Understanding the interaction of upper respiratory tract infection with respiratory syncytial virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae using a human challenge model: a multicenter, randomized controlled study protocol.
BACKGROUND: Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are major causes of respiratory infections globally. Viral and bacterial co-infections are commonly observed in respiratory infections and there is evidence that these pathogens interact synergistically to evade host re…
Defining the genetic determinants of CD8+ T cell receptor repertoire in the context of immune checkpoint blockade.
The relationship between genetic variation and CD8+ T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire usage in patients receiving immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy for cancer is unexplored. We have conducted a genome-wide and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-focused analysis of CD8+ TCR repertoire to identify gene…
Neonatal Antifungal Consumption Is Dominated by Prophylactic Use; Outcomes From The Pediatric Antifungal Stewardship: Optimizing Antifungal Prescription Study.
BACKGROUND: Diagnostic challenges combined with the vulnerability of neonates to develop invasive candidiasis (IC) may lead to antifungal administration in the absence of IC. A modified point-prevalence study was performed to obtain an improved insight and understanding of antifungal prescribing in this speci…
Case Report: Disseminated, rifampicin resistant Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) infection in an immunocompromised child
<ns4:p><ns4:bold>Background: </ns4:bold><ns4:italic>Bacillus Calmette–Guérin</ns4:italic> (BCG) is a live-attenuated vaccine used world-wide for prevention of tuberculosis disease. In some immunocompromised hosts it has the potential to cause disease. As with other members of the <ns4:italic>M. t…
Simultaneous Viral Whole-Genome Sequencing and Differential Expression Profiling in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection of Infants.
Targeted metagenomics using strand-specific libraries with target enrichment is a sensitive, generalized approach to pathogen sequencing and transcriptome profiling. Using this method, we recovered 13 (76%) complete human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) genomes from 17 clinical respiratory samples, recon…
Real-world uptake of nirsevimab, RSV maternal vaccine, and RSV vaccines for older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
BACKGROUND: In clinical trials, recently introduced respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) immunisation products have shown high efficacy in preventing severe RSV outcomes. Implementing successful immunisation programmes is however key to realising these benefits in real-world settings. We aimed to investigat…
T cells, more than antibodies, may prevent symptoms developing from respiratory syncytial virus infections in older adults.
INTRODUCTION: The immune mechanisms supporting partial protection from reinfection and disease by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) have not been fully characterized. In older adults, symptoms are typically mild but can be serious in patients with comorbidities when the infection extends to the lower re…
Immunological and inflammatory biomarkers of susceptibility and severity in adult respiratory syncytial virus infections
BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in young infants. However, it is also a significant pathogen in older adults. Validated biomarkers of RSV disease severity would benefit diagnostics, treatment decisions, and prophylactic interventions. This review summarizes…